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Recent Developments in Guerrilla Warfare: A Global Perspective
In recent months, guerrilla warfare has shaped conflicts worldwide, highlighting its adaptability and resilience amid shifting political and military landscapes. From peace negotiations to the evolution of tactics on the battlefield, here are the most significant developments related to guerrilla warfare worldwide. Updated Feb 2026 Since this article was first published in January 2025, each
Irregular Warfare During Jimmy Carter’s Presidency
The presidency of Jimmy Carter (1977–1981) coincided with a global wave of irregular warfare that stretched from the mountains of Afghanistan to the jungles of Central America. Carter entered office promising a foreign policy rooted in human rights. He left it having authorized covert operations, weathered a hostage crisis that defined his presidency, and watched
Undersea Sabotage: The Hidden Threat to Global Infrastructure
The ocean floor carries the connective tissue of modern civilization. Roughly 97 percent of all intercontinental data travels through undersea fiber-optic cables — not satellites — while subsea pipelines and power interconnectors supply energy across national borders. These systems support an estimated $10 trillion in daily financial transactions. They are also extraordinarily vulnerable. Since Russia’s
Operation Gunnerside: The Mission That Changed the Course of World War II
Operation Gunnerside stands as one of the most consequential acts of sabotage in the history of warfare. On the night of February 27–28, 1943, nine Norwegian commandos infiltrated the heavily guarded Vemork hydroelectric plant in Telemark, Norway, and destroyed the sole industrial-scale facility producing heavy water for Nazi Germany’s nuclear weapons program — without firing
Georgian Protest Movements
Since 2023, Georgia has become one of the most significant theaters of mass civic resistance in Europe. Hundreds of thousands of Georgians have taken to the streets repeatedly — first to defeat a Russian-style “foreign agents” law in 2023, then to contest disputed parliamentary elections in October 2024, and finally to confront the ruling Georgian
Applying International Law to Resistance and Irregular Combatants
International Humanitarian Law (IHL)—commonly referred to as the law of armed conflict—establishes the rules that balance military necessity with humanitarian protection. These legal frameworks bind both state and non-state actors, including resistance movements and irregular combatants. Yet, the application of IHL in modern conflicts is increasingly complex, particularly when addressing proportionality, targeting, and legal accountability
Resistance Movements in Occupied Territories: A Historical Perspective
// UPDATE — MARCH 2026 This article has been substantially expanded with deeper historical analysis, Cold War-era cases, and modern examples including Ukrainian territorial resistance, Myanmar’s civil disobedience movement, and Sudan’s resistance committees. Internal links and reading resources updated throughout. Throughout history, resistance movements have been vital to the human spirit’s quest for freedom and
Subversion: Unseen Forces That Reshape History
Subversion is best understood not through definitions but through its application. For a foundational overview of what subversion is and how it operates, see our core guide on subversion. This article examines the practice itself — the movements that wielded subversion to reshape nations, the theoretical frameworks that informed them, and the modern tools that
